解析常用串行總線——UART協(xié)議（下）

2. 接收模塊 (uart_rx)：

module uart_rx (

clk_40k, //clock signal, 40kHz

rst_n, //reset signal, active low

bit_in, //the input serial bit,

dout_vld,//the output valid signal， active high，the dout is valid when this signal is high.

dout //received data, 8 bit width

);

input bit_in;

input clk_40k;

input rst_n;

output reg dout_vld;

output reg [7:0] dout;

reg rx_flag;

reg [6:0] cnt;

reg [5:0] rx_cnt;

reg [7:0] dout_temp;

//rx_flag: 接收過程rx_flag始終拉高

always @ (posedge clk_40k)

begin

if(~rst_n)

rx_flag <= 1'b0;

else if(bit_in == 1'b0)

rx_flag <= 1'b1;

else if(rx_cnt == 6'd9)

rx_flag <= 1'b0;

end

//cnt: 接收數(shù)據(jù)計(jì)數(shù)，clk_40k分頻至1k波特率對接收數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行計(jì)數(shù)

always @ (posedge clk_40k)

begin

if(~rst_n)

cnt <= 7'b0;

else if(rx_flag == 1'b1 && cnt != 7'd39)

cnt <= cnt + 1'b1;

else if(rx_flag == 1'b0 || cnt == 7'd39)

cnt <= 7'b0;

end

always @ (posedge clk_40k)

begin

if(~rst_n)

rx_cnt <= 6'b0;

else if(rx_flag == 1'b1 && cnt == 7'd39)

rx_cnt <= rx_cnt + 1'b1;

else if(rx_flag == 1'b0)

rx_cnt <= 6'b0;

end

//dout_temp: 將串行接收數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換還原為8bit數(shù)據(jù)

always @ (posedge clk_40k)

begin

if(~rst_n)

dout_temp <= 8'b0;

else if(rx_flag == 1'b1 && cnt == 7'd39)

begin

dout_temp[7] <= bit_in;

dout_temp[6:0] <= dout_temp[7:1];

end

end

//dout_vld: 傳輸完成標(biāo)識，8bit數(shù)據(jù)傳輸結(jié)束拉高

always @ (posedge clk_40k)

begin

if(~rst_n)

dout_vld <= 1'b0;

else if(rx_cnt == 6'd9 && cnt == 7'b0)

begin

dout <= dout_temp;

dout_vld <= 1'b1;

end

else

dout_vld <= 1'b0;

end

endmodule

3. Testbench（tb）:

`timescale 1us/1us

module tb();

reg clk_40k;

reg rst_n;

reg [7:0] din;

reg send_start;

wire bit_out;

wire bit_in;

wire dout_vld;

wire [7:0] dout;

assign bit_in = bit_out;

uart_tx i_uart_tx(

.clk_40k (clk_40k ),

.rst_n (rst_n ),

.din (din ),

.send_start (send_start),

.bit_out (bit_out )

);

uart_rx i_uart_rx(

.clk_40k (clk_40k ),

.rst_n (rst_n ),

.bit_in (bit_in ),

.dout_vld (dout_vld ),

.dout (dout )

);

initial

begin

rst_n = 1'b0;

#10

rst_n = 1'b1;

end

initial

begin

clk_40k = 1'b0;

forever

#1

clk_40k = ~clk_40k;

end

initial

begin

send_start = 1'b0;

din = 8'd0;

forever

begin

    #1000

    din = $random()%256;

    send_start = 1'b1;

    #2

    send_start = 1'b0;

end

end

endmodule

4. 仿真結(jié)果 :

按照testbench對UART收發(fā)端進(jìn)行仿真，仿真結(jié)果如圖：

1. 系統(tǒng)時(shí)鐘和傳輸速率通常不一致，clk_40k為高頻系統(tǒng)時(shí)鐘，利用計(jì)數(shù)器分頻實(shí)現(xiàn)1k波特率；
2. 復(fù)位信號rst_n低電平有效，正常傳輸時(shí)始終處于高電平。
3. 開始傳輸時(shí)send_start信號拉高，傳輸結(jié)束時(shí)dout_vld信號拉高；
4. 輸入數(shù)據(jù)din在傳輸結(jié)束后在輸出數(shù)據(jù)dout體現(xiàn)出來，傳輸時(shí)延為1個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)長度。

04

UART的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)

4.1 UART協(xié)議優(yōu)點(diǎn)

1. 通信只需要兩條數(shù)據(jù)線；
2. 無需時(shí)鐘信號；
3. 有奇偶校驗(yàn)位，方便通信的差錯(cuò)檢查；
4. 只需要接收端和發(fā)送端設(shè)置好數(shù)據(jù)包結(jié)構(gòu)，即可穩(wěn)定通信。

4.2 UART協(xié)議缺點(diǎn)

1. 數(shù)據(jù)幀最大支持9位數(shù)據(jù)；
2. 不支持多主機(jī)或多從機(jī)的主從系統(tǒng)。