解惑“永動(dòng)機(jī)”：電源轉(zhuǎn)換效率達(dá)230%的LED技術(shù)

據(jù)美國(guó)媒體近日?qǐng)?bào)導(dǎo)，美國(guó)麻省理工學(xué)院（MIT）的研究人員通過一種插座轉(zhuǎn)換設(shè)備使發(fā)光二極管（LED）能夠比其消耗的電功率釋放出更多光功率，電源轉(zhuǎn)換效率可達(dá)到100%以上。

LED發(fā)光原理是將電能轉(zhuǎn)換為光。目前，設(shè)計(jì)出既明亮又高效的LED燈的最大障礙之一，是增加LED燈的輸出功率反而導(dǎo)致其效率下降。而麻省理工學(xué)院的研究人員解釋說，他們的研究成果大大降低了外施的電壓。根據(jù)計(jì)算，當(dāng)電壓減少到一半，輸入功率降低了4倍，而發(fā)出的光功率與電壓保持一致，也達(dá)到一半。換言之，當(dāng)輸出功率下降時(shí)LED發(fā)光率卻在增加。

在實(shí)驗(yàn)中，研究人員減少了LED的輸入功率，僅30皮瓦，而測(cè)量到輸出達(dá)69皮瓦的光量，效率高達(dá)230%。將相同的物理機(jī)制作用于任何LED，在外施電壓作用下，電子和空穴有一定的概率產(chǎn)生光子。研究人員并沒有像其他的研究一樣試圖增加這種概率，而是利用發(fā)生于設(shè)備里原子晶格的振動(dòng)所散發(fā)的少量余熱產(chǎn)生更多電力。

這種利用余熱發(fā)光的過程可使LED稍微冷卻，其操作類似一個(gè)熱電冷卻器。雖然在室溫條件下，冷卻不足以提供實(shí)用性的溫度，但它有可能被用于設(shè)計(jì)不產(chǎn)生熱量的燈。當(dāng)作為熱泵時(shí)，該設(shè)備可有助于固態(tài)冷卻應(yīng)用程式，甚至是發(fā)電機(jī)設(shè)備。

理論上，這個(gè)低壓策略能夠在低電壓下產(chǎn)生任意高效的光子，研究人員希望該技術(shù)能提供一種新的測(cè)試節(jié)能極限電磁波通訊的方法。雖然在科學(xué)上這個(gè)方法很有趣，但其還不會(huì)立即促使超效率的LED商業(yè)化，因?yàn)槭痉俄?xiàng)目?jī)H能用很低的輸入功率產(chǎn)生少量的光。

首先解釋一下大家對(duì)于“永動(dòng)機(jī)”的疑惑，一位英文網(wǎng)站的工程師作了如下解讀：No perpetual motion machine is created here. The article failed to mention the real reason why the LED can exceed 100% efficiency. Here is why：

It’s nice research， but it’s sort of “cheating” in an honest way. Efficiency mentioned here is how much electricity is converted into light by this LED. Let’s say， you inject 10 electrons， and they turn into 8 photons which escaped the LED， so you get a 80% efficient LED. The 2 missing electrons are “wasted”。 So， in order to get to 100% efficiency and beyond， you find another way to make up for those 2 missing electrons. MIT team used the well-known thermoelectric effect which converts heat to electricity， which in return makes up for those “wasted” electrons. As a result， this LED has over 100% efficiency. You now see why they choose to do the experiment as very low voltage， because low voltage means less electrons injects， so fewer “wasted” electrons you need to make up.

Therefore， the over 100% efficiency is kinda of “cheating” in an honest way. What’s supplying this ultra low voltage LED electrons are not electricity alone， but also ambient temperature in form of thermo energy. The quoted efficiency in this article is a ratio between photon generated by TWO sources of energy and input from ONE source of energy. Of course， the efficiency can be much higher than 100%.

It’s that simple， but I do not in anyway wish to undermine the importance of this research. It’s good work. I just don’t wish others who does not have background on this specific topic to misunderstood the importance and message of this research work.

為了幫助工程師朋友們更好地了解這個(gè)技術(shù)報(bào)道，特別找了一些英文方面的報(bào)道供大家參考：

Scientists Create 230-Percent Efficient LED Bulbs

Light bulbs have always required more electricity than they need to produce light because the energy conversion process—changing electricity to light—was inefficient. But an MIT research team has just shown that an LED can actually give off more light than what it consumes in electricity.

Incandescent bulbs are the poster child of inefficient energy conversion. The devices heated a filament with an electrical current which not only produced light， but a lot of waste heat as well. Fluorescent bulbs， CFL‘s， and even conventional LED’s all generate the same waste heat to varying （albeit much smaller） degrees but none has ever reached 100-percent efficiency—a mark known as “unity efficiency.”

The team from MIT posited that while the bulb‘s energy requirements decrease at an exponential rate （halving the voltage reduces the input power by a factor of four）， the lumen output would decrease linearly （halve the voltage and the lumens drop by half as well）。 This means that at some point， the amount of lumens the bulb is emitting would be more than the amount of energy spent—essentially “free” light.

Granted， this point occurs only when using minuscule amounts of electricity to power incredibly dim bulbs. In their experiments， the team was able to generate 69 picowatts of light from just 30 picowatts of energy. They did so by harnessing waste heat， which is caused by vibrations in the bulb’s atomic lattice， to compensate for the losses in electrical power. The device also reacts to ambient heat in the room to increase its efficiency and power the bulb.

This process cools the bulb slightly and could eventually be employed to manufacture “cold” bulbs that don‘t generate any heat， only light. And， since the same physical mechanism from these tiny bulbs can be applied to any LED， they likely will be.

MIT Researchers Create LED Light That Exceeds 100-Percent Efficiency

Light bulbs have always been pretty inefficient， even those that have a rep for using less juice， like LEDs. Because of the energy conversion process， they consume more energy than they actually need to illuminate. But what if we told you that there was a light bulb out there， just waiting to be invented， that could produce more energy than it consumes？ A group of researchers at MIT have figured out how to develop LED lights that wildly eclipse the efficiency of any other bulb. In fact， they successfully tested a LED light with an efficiency of 230 percent！

The key to increasing the power conversion efficiency， according to MIT researcher Parthiban Santhanam and his co-authors， is to decrease the applied voltage. When the voltage is halved， the input power is decreased by a factor of four. （The inverse is also true — the brighter LED lights are， the less efficient they become.） In effect， if you decrease the input power enough， the LED’s efficiency can increase to more than 100 percent， thus achieving what’s known as “unity efficiency.” When that happens， the light bulb will produce as much or more energy than it takes to power it， giving you the ultimate bang for your buck.

The only problem？ As you may have guessed， significantly lowering the input power creates a very weak LED bulb. In their tests， the MIT researchers succeeded in generating about 70 picowatts of light from 30 picowatts of energy — an efficiency of 230 percent！ That’s a remarkable achievement， but still a miniscule amount of light. For now， there really isn’t any practical application for a super-efficient 70-picowatt bulb， but according to PhysOrg， the researchers hope the breakthrough could open the door to new advances in energy-efficiency electromagnetic communication.

Read more： MIT Researchers Create More Than 100-Percent Efficient LED Light | Inhabitat - Sustainable Design Innovation， Eco Architecture， Green Building