像學(xué)習(xí)編程一樣學(xué)習(xí)深度學(xué)習(xí)模型開發(fā)

作為一個程序員，我們可以像學(xué)習(xí)編程一樣學(xué)習(xí)深度學(xué)習(xí)模型開發(fā)。我們以 Keras 為例來說明。

我們可以用 5 步 + 4 種基本元素 + 9 種基本層結(jié)構(gòu)，這 5-4-9 模型來總結(jié)。

5步法：

1. 構(gòu)造網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型2. 編譯模型3. 訓(xùn)練模型4. 評估模型5. 使用模型進行預(yù)測

4種基本元素：

1. 網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)：由10種基本層結(jié)構(gòu)和其他層結(jié)構(gòu)組成2. 激活函數(shù)：如relu, softmax。口訣: 最后輸出用softmax，其余基本都用relu3. 損失函數(shù)：categorical_crossentropy多分類對數(shù)損失，binary_crossentropy對數(shù)損失，mean_squared_error平均方差損失, mean_absolute_error平均絕對值損失4. 優(yōu)化器：如SGD隨機梯度下降, RMSProp, Adagrad, Adam, Adadelta等

9種基本層模型

包括3種主模型：

1. 全連接層Dense2. 卷積層：如conv1d, conv2d3. 循環(huán)層：如lstm, gru

3種輔助層：1. Activation層2. Dropout層3. 池化層

3種異構(gòu)網(wǎng)絡(luò)互聯(lián)層：

1. 嵌入層：用于第一層，輸入數(shù)據(jù)到其他網(wǎng)絡(luò)的轉(zhuǎn)換2. Flatten層：用于卷積層到全連接層之間的過渡3. Permute層：用于RNN與CNN之間的接口

我們通過一張圖來理解下它們之間的關(guān)系

▌五步法

五步法是用深度學(xué)習(xí)來解決問題的五個步驟：

1. 構(gòu)造網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型2. 編譯模型3. 訓(xùn)練模型4. 評估模型5. 使用模型進行預(yù)測

在這五步之中，其實關(guān)鍵的步驟主要只有第一步，這一步確定了，后面的參數(shù)都可以根據(jù)它來設(shè)置。

過程化方法構(gòu)造網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型

我們先學(xué)習(xí)最容易理解的，過程化方法構(gòu)造網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型的過程。

Keras中提供了Sequential容器來實現(xiàn)過程式構(gòu)造。只要用Sequential的add方法把層結(jié)構(gòu)加進來就可以了。10種基本層結(jié)構(gòu)我們會在后面詳細講。

例：

from keras.models import Sequentialfrom keras.layers import Dense, Activationmodel = Sequential()model.add(Dense(units=64, input_dim=100))model.add(Activation("relu"))model.add(Dense(units=10))model.add(Activation("softmax"))

對于什么樣的問題構(gòu)造什么樣的層結(jié)構(gòu)，我們會在后面的例子中介紹。

編譯模型

模型構(gòu)造好之后，下一步就可以調(diào)用Sequential的compile方法來編譯它。

model.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy', optimizer='sgd', metrics=['accuracy'])

編譯時需要指定兩個基本元素：loss是損失函數(shù)，optimizer是優(yōu)化函數(shù)。

如果只想用最基本的功能，只要指定字符串的名字就可以了。如果想配置更多的參數(shù)，調(diào)用相應(yīng)的類來生成對象。例：我們想為隨機梯度下降配上Nesterov動量，就生成一個SGD的對象就好了：

from keras.optimizers import SGDmodel.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy', optimizer=SGD(lr=0.01, momentum=0.9, nesterov=True))

lr是學(xué)習(xí)率，learning rate。

訓(xùn)練模型

調(diào)用fit函數(shù)，將輸出的值X，打好標簽的值y，epochs訓(xùn)練輪數(shù)，batch_size批次大小設(shè)置一下就可以了：

model.fit(x_train, y_train, epochs=5, batch_size=32)

評估模型

模型訓(xùn)練的好不好，訓(xùn)練數(shù)據(jù)不算數(shù)，需要用測試數(shù)據(jù)來評估一下：

loss_and_metrics = model.evaluate(x_test, y_test, batch_size=128)

用模型來預(yù)測

一切訓(xùn)練的目的是在于預(yù)測：

classes = model.predict(x_test, batch_size=128)

▌4種基本元素

網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)

主要用后面的層結(jié)構(gòu)來拼裝。網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)如何設(shè)計呢? 可以參考論文，比如這篇中不管是左邊的19層的VGG-19，還是右邊34層的resnet，只要按圖去實現(xiàn)就好了。

激活函數(shù)

對于多分類的情況，最后一層是softmax。

其它深度學(xué)習(xí)層中多用relu。

二分類可以用sigmoid。

另外淺層神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)也可以用tanh。

損失函數(shù)

categorical_crossentropy：多分類對數(shù)損失

binary_crossentropy：對數(shù)損失

mean_squared_error：均方差

mean_absolute_error：平均絕對值損失

對于多分類來說，主要用categorical_crossentropy。

優(yōu)化器

SGD：隨機梯度下降

Adagrad：Adaptive Gradient自適應(yīng)梯度下降

Adadelta：對于Adagrad的進一步改進

RMSProp

Adam

本文將著重介紹后兩種教程。

深度學(xué)習(xí)中的函數(shù)式編程

前面介紹的各種基本層，除了可以add進Sequential容器串聯(lián)之外，它們本身也是callable對象，被調(diào)用之后，返回的還是callable對象。所以可以將它們視為函數(shù)，通過調(diào)用的方式來進行串聯(lián)。

來個官方例子：

from keras.layers import Input, Densefrom keras.models import Modelinputs = Input(shape=(784,))x = Dense(64, activation='relu')(inputs)x = Dense(64, activation='relu')(x)predictions = Dense(10, activation='softmax')(x)model = Model(inputs=inputs, outputs=predictions)model.compile(optimizer='rmsprop', loss='categorical_crossentropy', metrics=['accuracy'])model.fit(data, labels)

為什么要用函數(shù)式編程？

答案是，復(fù)雜的網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)并不是都是線性的add進容器中的。并行的，重用的，什么情況都有。這時候callable的優(yōu)勢就發(fā)揮出來了。

比如下面的Google Inception模型，就是帶并聯(lián)的：

我們的代碼自然是以并聯(lián)應(yīng)對并聯(lián)了，一個輸入input_img被三個模型所重用：

from keras.layers import Conv2D, MaxPooling2D, Inputinput_img = Input(shape=(256, 256, 3))tower_1 = Conv2D(64, (1, 1), padding='same', activation='relu')(input_img)tower_1 = Conv2D(64, (3, 3), padding='same', activation='relu')(tower_1)tower_2 = Conv2D(64, (1, 1), padding='same', activation='relu')(input_img)tower_2 = Conv2D(64, (5, 5), padding='same', activation='relu')(tower_2)tower_3 = MaxPooling2D((3, 3), strides=(1, 1), padding='same')(input_img)tower_3 = Conv2D(64, (1, 1), padding='same', activation='relu')(tower_3)output = keras.layers.concatenate([tower_1, tower_2, tower_3], axis=1)

▌案例教程

CNN處理MNIST手寫識別

光說不練是假把式。我們來看看符合五步法的處理MNIST的例子。

首先解析一下核心模型代碼，因為模型是線性的，我們還是用Sequential容器

model = Sequential()

核心是兩個卷積層：

model.add(Conv2D(32, kernel_size=(3, 3), activation='relu', input_shape=input_shape))model.add(Conv2D(64, (3, 3), activation='relu'))

為了防止過擬合，我們加上一個最大池化層，再加上一個Dropout層：

model.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(2, 2)))model.add(Dropout(0.25))

下面要進入全連接層輸出了，這兩個中間的數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換需要一個Flatten層：

model.add(Flatten())

下面是全連接層，激活函數(shù)是relu。

還怕過擬合，再來個Dropout層！

model.add(Dense(128, activation='relu'))model.add(Dropout(0.5))

最后通過一個softmax激活函數(shù)的全連接網(wǎng)絡(luò)輸出：

model.add(Dense(num_classes, activation='softmax'))

下面是編譯這個模型，損失函數(shù)是categorical_crossentropy多類對數(shù)損失函數(shù)，優(yōu)化器選用Adadelta。

model.compile(loss=keras.losses.categorical_crossentropy, optimizer=keras.optimizers.Adadelta(), metrics=['accuracy'])

下面是可以運行的完整代碼：

from __future__ import print_functionimport kerasfrom keras.datasets import mnistfrom keras.models import Sequentialfrom keras.layers import Dense, Dropout, Flattenfrom keras.layers import Conv2D, MaxPooling2Dfrom keras import backend as Kbatch_size = 128num_classes = 10epochs = 12# input image dimensionsimg_rows, img_cols = 28, 28# the data, split between train and test sets(x_train, y_train), (x_test, y_test) = mnist.load_data()if K.image_data_format() == 'channels_first': x_train = x_train.reshape(x_train.shape[0], 1, img_rows, img_cols) x_test = x_test.reshape(x_test.shape[0], 1, img_rows, img_cols) input_shape = (1, img_rows, img_cols)else: x_train = x_train.reshape(x_train.shape[0], img_rows, img_cols, 1) x_test = x_test.reshape(x_test.shape[0], img_rows, img_cols, 1) input_shape = (img_rows, img_cols, 1) x_train = x_train.astype('float32')x_test = x_test.astype('float32')x_train /= 255x_test /= 255print('x_train shape:', x_train.shape)print(x_train.shape[0], 'train samples')print(x_test.shape[0], 'test samples')# convert class vectors to binary class matricesy_train = keras.utils.to_categorical(y_train, num_classes)y_test = keras.utils.to_categorical(y_test, num_classes)model = Sequential()model.add(Conv2D(32, kernel_size=(3, 3), activation='relu', input_shape=input_shape))model.add(Conv2D(64, (3, 3), activation='relu'))model.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=(2, 2)))model.add(Dropout(0.25))model.add(Flatten())model.add(Dense(128, activation='relu'))model.add(Dropout(0.5))model.add(Dense(num_classes, activation='softmax'))model.compile(loss=keras.losses.categorical_crossentropy, optimizer=keras.optimizers.Adadelta(), metrics=['accuracy'])model.fit(x_train, y_train, batch_size=batch_size, epochs=epochs, verbose=1, validation_data=(x_test, y_test))score = model.evaluate(x_test, y_test, verbose=0)print('Test loss:', score[0])print('Test accuracy:', score[1])

下面我們來個surprise例子，處理一下各種語言之間的翻譯。

機器翻譯：多語種互譯

英譯漢，漢譯英之類的事情，在學(xué)生時代是不是一直難為這你呢？

現(xiàn)在不用擔(dān)心了，只要有兩種語言的對照表，我們就可以訓(xùn)練一個模型來像做一個機器翻譯。

首先得下載一個字典：http://www.manythings.org/anki/

然后我們還是老辦法，我們先看一下核心代碼。沒啥說的，這類序列化處理的問題用的一定是RNN，通常都是用LSTM.

encoder_inputs = Input(shape=(None, num_encoder_tokens))encoder = LSTM(latent_dim, return_state=True)encoder_outputs, state_h, state_c = encoder(encoder_inputs)encoder_states = [state_h, state_c]decoder_inputs = Input(shape=(None, num_decoder_tokens))decoder_lstm = LSTM(latent_dim, return_sequences=True, return_state=True)decoder_outputs, _, _ = decoder_lstm(decoder_inputs, initial_state=encoder_states)decoder_dense = Dense(num_decoder_tokens, activation='softmax')decoder_outputs = decoder_dense(decoder_outputs)model = Model([encoder_inputs, decoder_inputs], decoder_outputs)

優(yōu)化器選用rmsprop，損失函數(shù)還是categorical_crossentropy.

validation_split是將一個集合隨機分成訓(xùn)練集和測試集。

# Run trainingmodel.compile(optimizer='rmsprop', loss='categorical_crossentropy')model.fit([encoder_input_data, decoder_input_data], decoder_target_data, batch_size=batch_size, epochs=epochs, validation_split=0.2)

最后，訓(xùn)練一個模型不容易，我們將其存儲起來。

model.save('s2s.h5')

最后，附上完整的實現(xiàn)了機器翻譯功能的代碼，加上注釋和空行有100多行，供有需要的同學(xué)取用。

from __future__ import print_functionfrom keras.models import Modelfrom keras.layers import Input, LSTM, Denseimport numpy as npbatch_size = 64 # Batch size for training.epochs = 100 # Number of epochs to train for.latent_dim = 256 # Latent dimensionality of the encoding space.num_samples = 10000 # Number of samples to train on.# Path to the data txt file on disk.data_path = 'fra-eng/fra.txt'# Vectorize the data.input_texts = []target_texts = []input_characters = set()target_characters = set()with open(data_path, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f: lines = f.read().split(' ')for line in lines[: min(num_samples, len(lines) - 1)]: input_text, target_text = line.split(' ')

# We use "tab" as the "start sequence" character # for the targets, and " " as "end sequence" character.

target_text = ' ' + target_text + ' ' input_texts.append(input_text) target_texts.append(target_text) for char in input_text:

if char not in input_characters:

input_characters.add(char) for char in target_text:

if char not in target_characters:

target_characters.add(char)input_characters = sorted(list(input_characters))target_characters = sorted(list(target_characters))num_encoder_tokens = len(input_characters)num_decoder_tokens = len(target_characters)max_encoder_seq_length = max([len(txt) for txt in input_texts])max_decoder_seq_length = max([len(txt) for txt in target_texts])print('Number of samples:', len(input_texts))print('Number of unique input tokens:', num_encoder_tokens)print('Number of unique output tokens:', num_decoder_tokens)print('Max sequence length for inputs:', max_encoder_seq_length)print('Max sequence length for outputs:', max_decoder_seq_length)input_token_index = dict( [(char, i) for i, char in enumerate(input_characters)])target_token_index = dict( [(char, i) for i, char in enumerate(target_characters)])encoder_input_data = np.zeros( (len(input_texts), max_encoder_seq_length, num_encoder_tokens), dtype='float32')decoder_input_data = np.zeros( (len(input_texts), max_decoder_seq_length, num_decoder_tokens), dtype='float32')decoder_target_data = np.zeros( (len(input_texts), max_decoder_seq_length, num_decoder_tokens),

dtype='float32')for i, (input_text, target_text) in enumerate(zip(input_texts, target_texts)): for t, char in enumerate(input_text): encoder_input_data[i, t, input_token_index[char]] = 1. for t, char in enumerate(target_text):

# decoder_target_data is ahead of decoder_input_data by one timestep decoder_input_data[i, t, target_token_index[char]] = 1.

if t > 0:

# decoder_target_data will be ahead by one timestep

# and will not include the start character.

decoder_target_data[i, t - 1, target_token_index[char]] = 1.# Define an input sequence and process it.encoder_inputs = Input(shape=(None, num_encoder_tokens))encoder = LSTM(latent_dim, return_state=True)encoder_outputs, state_h, state_c = encoder(encoder_inputs)# We discard `encoder_outputs` and only keep the states.encoder_states = [state_h, state_c]# Set up the decoder, using `encoder_states` as initial state.decoder_inputs = Input(shape=(None, num_decoder_tokens))# We set up our decoder to return full output sequences,# and to return internal states as well. We don't use the# return states in the training model, but we will use them in inference.decoder_lstm = LSTM(latent_dim, return_sequences=True, return_state=True)decoder_outputs, _, _ = decoder_lstm(decoder_inputs,

initial_state=encoder_states)decoder_dense = Dense(num_decoder_tokens, activation='softmax')decoder_outputs = decoder_dense(decoder_outputs)# Define the model that will turn# `encoder_input_data` & `decoder_input_data` into `decoder_target_data`model = Model([encoder_inputs, decoder_inputs], decoder_outputs)# Run trainingmodel.compile(optimizer='rmsprop', loss='categorical_crossentropy')model.fit([encoder_input_data, decoder_input_data], decoder_target_data, batch_size=batch_size, epochs=epochs,

validation_split=0.2)# Save modelmodel.save('s2s.h5')encoder_model = Model(encoder_inputs, encoder_states)decoder_state_input_h = Input(shape=(latent_dim,))decoder_state_input_c = Input(shape=(latent_dim,))decoder_states_inputs = [decoder_state_input_h, decoder_state_input_c]decoder_outputs, state_h, state_c = decoder_lstm( decoder_inputs, initial_state=decoder_states_inputs)decoder_states = [state_h, state_c]decoder_outputs = decoder_dense(decoder_outputs)decoder_model = Model( [decoder_inputs] + decoder_states_inputs, [decoder_outputs] + decoder_states)# Reverse-lookup token index to decode sequences back to# something readable.reverse_input_char_index = dict( (i, char) for char, i in input_token_index.items())reverse_target_char_index = dict( (i, char) for char, i in target_token_index.items())def decode_sequence(input_seq): # Encode the input as state vectors. states_value = encoder_model.predict(input_seq) # Generate empty target sequence of length 1.

target_seq = np.zeros((1, 1, num_decoder_tokens)) # Populate the first character of target sequence with the start character. target_seq[0, 0, target_token_index[' ']] = 1.

# Sampling loop for a batch of sequences # (to simplify, here we assume a batch of size 1). stop_condition = False decoded_sentence = '' while not stop_condition:

output_tokens, h, c = decoder_model.predict(

[target_seq] + states_value)

# Sample a token

sampled_token_index = np.argmax(output_tokens[0, -1, :])

sampled_char = reverse_target_char_index[sampled_token_index]

decoded_sentence += sampled_char

# Exit condition: either hit max length

# or find stop character.

if (sampled_char == ' ' or

len(decoded_sentence) > max_decoder_seq_length):

stop_condition = True

# Update the target sequence (of length 1).

target_seq = np.zeros((1, 1, num_decoder_tokens))

target_seq[0, 0, sampled_token_index] = 1.

# Update states

states_value = [h, c] return decoded_sentencefor seq_index in range(100):

# Take one sequence (part of the training set)

# for trying out decoding. input_seq = encoder_input_data[seq_index: seq_index + 1] decoded_sentence = decode_sequence(input_seq) print('-') print('Input sentence:', input_texts[seq_index]) print('Decoded sentence:', decoded_sentence)